HUMAN SECURİTY

                                                         

                                                          HUMAN SECURİTY

The concept of human security is one of the most important elements of the security studies in the post-Cold War period.  End of the 20th century, the end of the Cold War, globalization, ethnic conflicts and the developments in the sense of security were the factors that facilitated the emergence of the concept of human security. As a result of civil wars in the Balkans and Africa. For example; March 1, 1992 - In the Bosnian War of 14 December 1995, the massacre of hundred thousands people died and two million people were forced to leave their homes. In Africa, eight hundred thousand people lost their lives within a hundred days of brutality known as Rwandan Genocide. Human Security was officially conceptualized for the first time in the Human Development Report published by the United Nations Development Program in 1994.  

As seen in the Human Development Report published in 1994 at the point of Human Security, the fundamental freedoms protection is at the heart of human security. In this plane, it is observed that some principles emphasize the general framework of human security. These are; Freedom from fear, Freedom from want, Freedom to act on their own behalf, Freedom to live in dignity Freedom from hazard impact. Freedom from fear; The lack of capacity to support the state also implies protection of the individual against violent conflicts arising from other types of poverty and inequality. Freedom from want; Natural disasters affecting more people than violent conflicts are a broad solution to advocate for a sustainable development of epidemics and scarcity and to meet human needs. Freedom to act on their own behalf, Freedom to live in dignity, Freedom from hazard impact. Human Security is an approach related to the expansion and protection of human freedoms and emerged as a result of the change in the understanding of security of states in the 21st century. In particular, the United Nations Commission, ‘’Human security means protecting fundamental freedoms— freedoms that are the essence of life’’. In the paradigm plane, human security, rather than states, focuses on the human right,  the right to live, the right to dignity and the right to ensure safety. In other words, human security has an individual-centered perception of security. (Commission on Human Security, 2003:4)

In this report, published in 1994, we see  categories of human security. These are;  Economic Security, Food Security, Health Security, Environmental Security, Individual Security, Social Security, Political Security. In addition, in this report, we see global threats across a national level. The first is the uncontrolled population growth, which is increasingly linked to international migration, environmental degradation, and global poverty, and is increasingly pressing for non-renewable resources. Second, in the developing world, environmental degradation, poverty is the economic inequality of inequality, which leads to an increasing income inequality caused by excessive production and excessive consumption in industrialized countries. The third is international migration, which is a derivative of the growing population, resulting from the contribution of unemployment and the policies of developed countries to the flow of international migrants and refugee flows. Fourth, there are various forms of environmental degradation, such as acid rain, global warming, decreasing biodiversity, destruction of wetlands, reduction of tropical forests and temperate climate forests. Fifth, drug trafficking is a global industry. The last one is international terrorism.     

                                              

 To conclusion, the new security threats mentioned above, or threats to human security, deeply affect today's world and societies. These are likely to affect the security of the state and the individual in the future. In response to these threats, ranging from political threats to economic problems, from environmental problems to social problems, states are developing specific security measures to suit each type of crime. However, the implementation of these measures should be individual-centered or individual-oriented security measures. An individual-oriented human security approach is an approach that eliminates threats to the individual without violating the rights and freedoms of the individual. In this context, it is possible to ensure that the security of the state and the security of the state in a synchronized way can only be created by the proportion of the public interest and the freedoms of individuals, and the problems in the source of the conflicts are addressed with a new understanding. Indeed, the balancing of individual interests, that is, freedoms, security or public interests, will help to eliminate both the mistrust and the elements that produce mistrust, as well as to strengthen the legitimacy of the political regimes. The human security approach puts the individual at the center of security policies and brings along many important problems. The erosion of fundamental rights and freedoms is the most important of these problems. In addition, when states face security threats, they should not make human rights standards of occasional observance. Human rights should not be an exception in the provision of human security. The main objective of human security is to make the human being the main element, not the exception. Armed interventions and attacks are not a means of realizing human security. On the contrary, it is the most basic means of human security to expand dialogue, understanding and cooperation, and to improve conflict prevention mechanisms and cooperation. At the same time, the production of global solutions that can center the individual in every situation and  from a universal point of view is a general proposition for the human security paradigm. While political security is the most important element in a country centered on a country's terror problem, hunger and water scarcity in another country is the most fundamental problem in terms of food security. In this context, the solution to the problems of the individual human security of each state will be possible with conciliatory formulas based on the production and operation of global, collaborative and non-alienating mechanisms.